Introduction

This is the post print version of the chapter - Copyright @ 2003 The editorsThis book is about surrogacy and, more specifically, surrogate motherhood. It is a collection of essays that aims to provide a contemporary and international picture of a practice, traceable to ancient times, devised to solve the problem of childlessness. The collection, which explores surrogacy from a variety of perspectives including law, policy, medicine and psychology, is timely. For although there is nothing new in the notion that a woman might bear a child for someone else, there is some evidence that the incidence of surrogacy is increasing and technology has developed to make ever more complex arrangements possible

Calibration of a fission gas monitor

Calibration of argon gas neutron activation sampling devic

Serving children: the impact of poverty on children's experiences of services

This study arose from the identification of a gap in knowledge and corresponding need for the development of a better contemporary understanding of children's experiences of poverty. Focusing on children aged 10 - 14 years, the study aimed to provide a perspective on the lives of children and young people affected by poverty in Scotland through comparing the experiences of children living in poverty with those more economically advantaged

Manufacturing checkout of orbital operational stages Midterm report, period ending 24 Feb. 1965

Manufacturing checkout of orbital operational Saturn S-IVB stage and instrument unit for parking orbit operation

Barley protein researches. Prediction of extract II. The effect of variety on the relation between nitrogen content and extract

RESP-

Superconducting On-chip Fourier Transform Spectrometer

The kinetic inductance effect is strongly nonlinear with applied current in NbTiN, TiN and NbN thin films. This can be utilized to realize novel devices. We present results from transmission lines made with these materials, where DC (current) control is used to modulate the phase velocity thereby enabling on-chip spectrometers. Utility of such compact spectrometers is discussed, along with their natural connection with parametric amplifiers

Critical Temperature tuning of Ti/TiN multilayer films suitable for low temperature detectors

We present our current progress on the design and test of Ti/TiN Multilayer for use in Kinetic Inductance Detectors (KIDs). Sensors based on sub-stoichiometric TiN film are commonly used in several applications. However, it is difficult to control the targeted critical temperature $T_C$, to maintain precise control of the nitrogen incorporation process and to obtain a production uniformity. To avoid these problems we investigated multilayer Ti/TiN films that show a high uniformity coupled with high quality factor, kinetic inductance and inertness of TiN. These features are ideal to realize superconductive microresonator detectors for astronomical instruments application but also for the field of neutrino physics. Using pure Ti and stoichiometric TiN, we developed and tested different multilayer configuration, in term of number of Ti/TiN layers and in term of different interlayer thicknesses. The target was to reach a critical temperature $T_C$ around $(1\div 1.5)$ K in order to have a low energy gap and slower recombination time (i.e. low generation-recombination noise). The results prove that the superconductive transition can be tuned in the $(0.5\div 4.6)$ K temperature range properly choosing the Ti thickness in the $(0\div 15)$ nm range, and the TiN thickness in the $(5\div 100)$ nm rang

Theoretical and Practical Capacities of Transit Modes

The transporting capacities of diff­erent transit modes are often discussed, but values quoted for different modes vary widely because of differing assump­tions. This paper presents the basic theory of capacity and gives explanation of and insight to three aspects which must be carefully considered in capacity analysis: Way capacity and station capacity of transit modes usually vary greatly; Capacity must be considered together\u27 with service quality, primarily oper­ating safety and speed; and There is a considerable difference b-tween theoretical and practical ·capacities of modes: the latter are important for design.

High-frequency eddy current measurements using sensor-mounted electronics

Eddy current techniques are used widely for the detection of surface-breaking cracks in metal samples and the detection of such defects in metals with low electrical conductivity is challenging. To achieve good sensitivity to small surface cracks, the electromagnetic skin depth of the eddy current needs to be small, which often means operating at MHz frequencies. One of the major challenges in high-frequency eddy current testing is that the capacitance of the cable between the instrument electronics and the sensor head becomes significant in the MHz range, making the system unstable and introducing noise into the system as the cable moves and interacts electrically with objects close to it. There are significant benefits to locating the electrical circuitry directly behind the eddy current sensor coils, reducing issues with cable-induced electrical noise, enabling the detection of smaller defects at earlier stages of growth. Materials such as nickel-based super-alloys, titanium, austenitic steel and carbon fibre composites are often used in safety-critical applications, where the ability to detect surface cracks at the earliest possible stage is vital. Examples are presented that show the detection of small defects in a range of challenging materials at eddy current frequencies up to more than 15 MHz